Monday, February 23, 2009

History of Languagues in Malaysia...

Malay

Bahasa Melayu
بهاس ملايو

Spoken in: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, southern Philippines, southern Myanmar, Cocos Island, Christmas Island, Sri Lanka.


Total speakers: more than 300 million, about 10% are Malay ethnic (mother tongue)
Ranking: 53
Language family: Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian (MP)
Nuclear MP
Sunda-Sulawesi
Malayic
Malayan
Local Malay
Malay
Writing system: Rumi (Latin alphabet) (official in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia; co-official in Brunei) and Jawi (Arabic script) (co-official in Brunei and Malaysia). Historically written in Pallava, Kawi and Rencong
Official status
Official language in: Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, East Timor (working language)
Regulated by: Majlis Bahasa Brunei - Indonesia - Malaysia (Brunei - Indonesia - Malaysia Language Council — MABBIM), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Institute of Language and Literature) Pusat Bahasa, Indonesia
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ms
ISO 639-2: may (B) msa (T)
ISO 639-3: variously:
msa – Malay (generic)
zlm – Malay (specific)
zsmStandard Malay
btjBacanese Malay
bveBerau Malay
bvuBukit Malay
coaCocos Islands Malay
hjiHaji
jaxJambi Malay
meoKedah Malay
mqgKota Bangun Kutai Malay
xmmManado Malay
maxNorth Moluccan Malay
mfaPattani Malay
msiSabah Malay
vktTenggarong Kutai Malay

The Malay language (ISO 639-1 code: ms)is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in Peninsular Malaysia, southern Thailand, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau Islands and parts of the coast of Borneo.

There are many hypotheses as to where the Malay language originated from. One of it is from Sumatra island, western archipelago of Indonesia, then it spread throughout Nusantara. Another hypothesis is it originated from the Sunda-Sulawesi languages, which spread from the Javanese Empire throughout the Nusantara.[5] Malay is an official language of Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore. In Indonesia and East Timor, the language is formally referred to as Bahasa Indonesia which literally translates as "Indonesian language", rather than Bahasa Melayu. It is also called Bahasa Kebangsaan (National Language) and Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu (Unifying Language) in Indonesia. In Malaysia, the language is now officially known as Bahasa Malaysia, ("Malaysian language".) Singapore, Brunei and southern Thailand refer to the language as Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language").

Indonesia pronounced Bahasa Melayu its official language when it gained independence, calling it Bahasa Indonesia. However, the language had been used as the lingua franca throughout the archipelago since the 15th century. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelago have declared it to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the Sumpah Pemuda "Youth Vow." Thus it made Indonesia as the first country that use the Bahasa language Bahasa Indonesia as an official language.

In Malaysia, the term Bahasa Malaysia, which was introduced by the National Language Act of 1967, was in use until the 1990s, when most academics and government officials reverted to "Bahasa Melayu," used in the Malay version of the Federal Constitution. According to Article 152 of the Federal Constitution, Bahasa Melayu is the official language of Malaysia. "Bahasa Kebangsaan" (National Language) was also used at one point during the 1970s. However, at present day, Malaysians prefer to identify their national language as Bahasa Malaysia once again.

Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development. The "Bahasa" in Indonesia is distinct by its vocabulary from the "Bahasa" as spoken in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Singapore and Brunei follow Malaysian-style Bahasa language. Similar to Malaysia in the mid 1990's, "Bahasa Melayu" is defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution.

Some Malay dialects, however, show only limited mutual intelligibility with the standard language; for example, Kelantanese pronunciation is difficult even for some fellow Malay Malaysians to understand, while Indonesian contains a lot of words unique to it that are unfamiliar to other speakers of the Bahasa language who are not from Indonesia.

The language spoken by the Peranakan (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the Ming Dynasty and local Malays) is a unique patois of Malay and the Chinese Hokkien dialect, which is mostly spoken in the former Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca in Malaysia, and the Indonesian Archipelago.


Tamil..........spoke by indian...

Tamil (தமிழ் tamiḻ; IPA: [t̪əmɨɻ]) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. It has official status in India, Sri Lanka and Singapore. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in Malaysia, Mauritius, Vietnam, Réunion as well as emigrant communities around the world.[1] It is the administrative language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and the first Indian language to be declared as a classical language by the government of India in 2004.

Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years.The earliest epigraphic records found date from around the third century BCE.The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from the 3rd century BC to 6th century AD.Inscriptions in Tamil Language from 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE have been discovered in Egypt and Thailand.

The first two ancient manuscripts from India, to be acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 & 2005 were in Tamil. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies.

Chinese Languages that spoke by chinese people..


Chinese or the Sinitic language(s) (汉语/漢語, pinyin: Hànyǔ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) can be considered a language or language family. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the world’s population, or over one billion people, speak some form of Chinese as their native language. The identification of the varieties of Chinese as "languages" or "dialects" is controversial.

Spoken Chinese is distinguished by its high level of internal diversity, though all spoken varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. There are between seven and thirteen main regional groups of Chinese (depending on classification scheme), of which the most spoken, by far, is Mandarin (about 850 million), followed by Wu (90 million), Min (70 million) and Cantonese (70 million). Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, though some, like Xiang and the Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms and some degree of intelligibility. Chinese is classified as a macrolanguage with 13 sub-languages in ISO 639-3, though the identification of the varieties of Chinese as multiple "languages" or as "dialects" of a single language is a contentious issue.

The standardized form of spoken Chinese is Standard Mandarin (Putonghua / Guoyu / Huayu), based on the Beijing dialect, which is part of a larger group of North-Eastern and South-Western dialects, often taken as a separate language, see Mandarin Chinese for more, this language can be referred to as 官话 Guānhuà or 北方话 Běifānghuà in Chinese. Standard Mandarin is the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (commonly known as 'Taiwan'), as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. Chinese—de facto, Standard Mandarin—is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Of the other varieties, Standard Cantonese is common and influential in Guangdong Province and Cantonese-speaking overseas communities, and remains one of the official languages of Hong Kong (together with English) and of Macau (together with Portuguese). Hokkien, part of the Min language group, is widely spoken in southern Fujian, in neighbouring Taiwan (where it is known as Taiwanese or Hoklo) and in Southeast Asia (where it dominates in Singapore and Malaysia).

Xinhua reported in March 2007 that 86 percent of people in the People's Republic of China spoke a Chinese variant.As a language family, the number of Chinese speakers is 1.136 billion. The same news report indicates 53 percent of the population, or 700 million speakers, can effectively communicate in Putonghua.

1 comment:

Unknown said...

ko miss lagi satu.. bahasa JALUT.. hahaha